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内容简介

　　This is the long-awaited third edition of Chomsky s outstanding collection of essays on Language and mind. The first six chapters, originally published in the 1960s, made a groundbreaking contribution to linguistic theory. This new edition complements them with an additional chapter and a new preface, bringing Chomsky s influential approach into the twenty-first century.
　　Chapters 1-6 present Chomskys early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically-endowed, biological system （Universal Grammar）, the rules and principles of which we acquire as internalized knowledge （I-language）. Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions. The final chapter revisits the key issues, reviewing the "biolinguistic" approach that has guided Chomsky s work from its origins to the present day, and raising some novel and exciting challenges for the study of language and mind.

目录

Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
1 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: past
2 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: present
3 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: future
4 Form and meaning in natural languages
5 The formal nature of language
6 Linguistics and philosophy
7 Biolinguistics and the human capacity
Index

精彩书摘

　　One difficulty in the psychological sciences lies in the familiarity of the phenomena with which they deal. A certain intellectual effort is required to see how such phenomena can pose serious problems or call for intricate explanatory theories. One is inclined to take them for granted as necessary or somehow "natural."
　　The effects of this familiarity of phenomena have often been discussed. Wolfgang K6hler, for example, has suggested that psychologists do not open up "entirely new territories" in the manner of the natural sciences, "simply because man was acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.., because at the very beginning of their work there were no entirely unknown mental facts left which they could have discovered."1 The most elementary discoveries of classical physics have a certain shock value man has no intuition about elliptical orbits or the gravitational constant. But "mental facts" of even a much deeper sort cannot be "discovered" by the psychologist, because they are a matter of intuitive acquaintance and, once pointed out, are obvious.
　　There is also a more subtle effect. Phenomena can be so familiar that we really do not see them at all, a matter that has been much discussed by literary theorists and philosophers. For example, Viktor Shldovskij in the early 1920s developed the idea that the function of poetic art is that of "making strange" the object depicted. "People living at the seashore grow so accustomed to the murmur of the waves that they never hear it. By the same token, we scarcely ever hear the words which we utter... We look at each other, but we do not see each other any more. Our perception of the world has withered away; what has remained is mere recognition." Thus, the goal of the artist is to transfer what is depicted to the "sphere of new perception"; as an example, Shklovskij cites a story by Tolstoy in which social customs and institutions are "made strange" by the device of presenting them from the viewpoint of a narrator who happens to be a horse.

前言/序言

　　The first six chapters that follow are from the late 1960s, mostly based on talks for general university audiences, hence relatively informal. The final chapter is from 2004, based on a talk for a general audience. This recent essay reviews the "biolinguistic approach" that has guided this work from its origins half a century ago, some of the important developments of recent decades, and how the general approach looks today - to me at least.
　　The dominant approach to questions of language and mind in the 1950s was that of the behavioral sciences. As the term indicates, the object of inquiry was taken to be behavior, or, for linguistics, the products of behavior: perhaps a corpus obtained from informants by the elicitation techniques taught in field methods courses. Linguistic theory consisted of procedures of analysis, primar- ily segmentation and classification, designed to organize a body of linguistic material, guided by limited assumptions about structural properties and their arrangement. The prominent linguist Martin Joos hardly exaggerated in a 1955 exposition when he identified the "decisive direction" of contemporary struc- tural linguistics as the decision that language can be "described without any preexistent scheme of what a language must be." Prevailing approaches in the behavioral sciences generally were not very different. Of course, no one accepted the incoherent notion of a "blank slate." But it was common to sup- pose that beyond some initial delimitation of properties detected in the environ- ment （a "quality space," in the framework of the highly influential philosopher W. V. O. Quine）, general learning mechanisms of some kind should suffice to account for what organisms, including humans, know and do. Genetic endow- ment in these domains would not be expected to reach much beyond something like that.

国外语言学与应用语言学人大版影印文库：语言与心智（第3版） 电子书 下载 mobi epub pdf txt

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进城务工的小贵有着农民的朴实与执拗，为了生存，拼命工作;为了延续对城市美好生活的憧憬和实现此目的的希望，他不顾一切地死死找寻被盗的单车。小坚，作为现代城市贫民的他，表现的是一种既想追求与生活环境相配的生活质量，但又囿于自身经济水平的无奈的尴尬。本该在这一年纪享受青春的两个人，又因各自的身份不得不承受起这生命的沉重。

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虽然我也看不懂，但是乔姆斯基这么大名气，引用率前十的人文学者中，就乔姆斯基一个是活人，别的都是古人。像柏拉图、亚里斯多德、马克思等人。这说明乔姆斯基的影响力是十分巨大的，也是当今毫无疑问的最有影响力的公共知识分子，这样的人的书，怎么能不买呢。诺姆·乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)基出生在宾夕法尼亚州的费城。他的父亲威廉·乔姆斯基（William Chomsky）是希伯来学者，来自一个后来被纳粹灭绝了的乌克兰小镇。她的母亲艾尔西·乔姆斯基·西蒙诺夫斯基（Elsie Chomsky Simonofsky）是白俄罗斯人，但跟她的丈夫不同的是，她生长在美国，说“普通的纽约英语”。他们两人的第一语言都是意第绪语，虽然乔姆斯基本人说父母在家禁止讲这种语言。他说，他们住在分裂为“意第绪区”和“希伯来区”的犹太人聚居地，他的家庭认同后者，并用“纯粹的希伯来文化和文学”教导他。乔姆斯基记得他的第一篇文章写于10岁那年，文章是论在巴塞罗那陷落之后，纳粹主义蔓延的威胁。从12或13岁开始，乔姆斯基更加彻底地认同无政府主义。毕业于费城中央高中，1945年起在宾夕法尼亚大学师从哲学家C·维斯特·切奇曼（C. West Churchman）、尼尔森·古德曼（Nelson Goodman）和语言学家泽里格·哈里斯（Zellig Harris）学习哲学和语言学。哈里斯对他讲授了自己在语言结构线性算子方面的发现。乔姆斯基后来把这些解释为对来自标记系统的上下文无关文法产物的操作。哈里斯的政治观点对乔姆斯基政治立场的形成产生了重要影响。1949年，与语言学家卡罗尔·沙茨结婚（Carol Schatz）。婚后育有两女：阿维瓦（Aviva，1957年）和戴安（Diane，1960年）。还有一子哈里（Harry，1967年）。1955年，取得宾夕法尼亚大学语言学博士学位。他的大部分博士研究是用四年时间以哈佛年轻学者的身份在哈佛大学完成的。在博士论文中，他开始发现自己的一些语言学思想，后来他将这些进一步阐发，写成了他在语言学方面大概最有名的著作——《句法结构》。语言是天赋的，大脑中有专门的语言装置，我们每个人从一出生就具有掌握人类一切语言的能力，在两三年间由外部环境给语言装置设定特定的参数，于是人就具体掌握了一门语言。其理论不同于结构主义语言观，结构主义认为，人类习得语言是一个“刺激——反应”的过程，并不是一出生就具有语言能力。乔姆斯基语言观的哲学基础是理性主义，而结构主义学派的哲学基础是经验主义。说话人通过一系列结构规则可以生成这种语言的句子的深层结构，即在每个句子表达出来以前就在大脑中存在的概念结构。形成了这种句子的深层结构之后，他头脑中已经有了一个正确的句子。在乔姆斯基看来，人们在说话之前他的头脑中存在着一个深层的语言结构或是思维能力，而且会形成一个内在的正确的句子。

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故事中被淡化的家庭背景，其实是要引导观众深入思考的门径。正如影片名称十七岁的单车一样，十七岁可以是一个人的少年阶段，也可以是一个时代的代称。老旧的城区、静默的居民，互相追逐的人群，加上略显诙谐的背景音乐，影片到这不得不让人想究知致使这一切发生的原因。重看一遍，还不至于，静静思考，却不得要领。

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就是搞不懂是怎么影印的, 没有任何征兆的, 字体就变了. 变模糊了. 然后过了若干页, 又没有任何征兆的变清晰了. 反复振荡若干次. 大师的书就是神奇.

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Chapters 1-6 present Chomskys early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically-endowed, biological system （Universal Grammar）, the rules and principles of which we acquire as internalized knowledge （I-language）. Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions.

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这本语言与心智一书，值得一看

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故事中被淡化的家庭背景，其实是要引导观众深入思考的门径。正如影片名称十七岁的单车一样，十七岁可以是一个人的少年阶段，也可以是一个时代的代称。老旧的城区、静默的居民，互相追逐的人群，加上略显诙谐的背景音乐，影片到这不得不让人想究知致使这一切发生的原因。重看一遍，还不至于，静静思考，却不得要领。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

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