《经济学(微观)(英文版 第5版)》: Canada Canada has a single-payer health care system in which the government provides national health insurance to all Canadian residents.Each of the io Canadian provinces has its own system, although each system must meet the federal government's requirement of covering 100 percent of the cost of all medically necessary procedures.Individuals pay nothing for doctor's visits or hospital stays; instead, they pay for medi- cal care indirectly through the taxes they pay to the provincial and federal governments.As in the United States, most doctors and hospitals are private businesses, but unlike in the United States, doctors and hospitals are required to accept the fees that are set by the government.Also as in the United States, doctors and hospitals are typically reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis. Japan Japan has a system of universal health insurance under which every resident of the country is required to enroll either in one of the many nonprofit health insurance societies that are organized by industry or profession or in the health insurance pro- gram provided by the national government.The system is funded by a combination of premiums paid by employees and firms and a payroll tax similar to the tax that funds the Medicare program in the United States.Unlike the Canadian system, the Japanese system requires substantial co-payments under which patients pay as much as 30 percent of their medical bills, while health insurance pays for the rest. ……