《人類本性與社會秩序》: The fallacy of all such ideas lies in supposing that life is built up from some one point, instead of being an organic whole which is developing as a whole now and, so far as we know, always has done so in the past.Nothing is fixed or independent,everything is plastic and takes influence as well as gives it.No factor of life can exist for men except as it is merged in the organic system and becomes an effect as much as a cause of the total development.If you insist that there is a centre from which the influence comes,all flowing in one direction,you fly in the face of fact. What observation shows is a universal interaction,in which no factor appears antecedent to the rest. Any particularistic explanation of things,I should say,must be based on the idea that most institutions, most phases of life,are passive,receive force but do not impart it, are mere constructions and not transitive processes.But where will you find such passive institutions or phases? Are not all alive, all factors in the course of history as we know it?It seems to me that if you think concretely,in terms of expenence,such an explanation cannot be definitely conceived. ……